BIBLIOGRAPHY

Compiled by Eugene McCann, University of Kentucky

December, 1996

· BULLET ITEMS ARE HELD IN THE ARCHIVE AT U.K.

Þ ARROW ITEMS ARE ON I.L.L. AND WILL SOON BE IN THE ARCHIVE

I-19 PROJECT DOCUMENTS

· Project member position statements.

· Proposal.

PUBLISHED HISTORIES OF GIS

· American Cartographer, The. 1988. Special Issue. The development of GIS technology. Vol. 15, no.3, 245-322.

· Cartographic Journal, The. 1991. Special Issue. British Cartography 1987-1991: An Overview. vol. 28, 30-54.

· Coppock, J.T. and Rhind, D.W. 19xx. The History of GIS. In xxxxxx

Croswell, P. and Clark, S. 1988. Trends in geographic Information Systems Hardware. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol.54 no.11, 1571-1576.

Þ Dangermond, J. 1987. Trends in Geographic Information System Software. Proceedings of the International GIS Symposium (sponsored by the Association of American Geographers), vol.1, 75-85.

Þ Fisch, S. 1992. A History of GIS. Design Management, vol.16 no.1xxx

· Grelot, J.-P. 1994. Cartography in the GIS Age. The Cartographic Journal, vol. 31, 56-60.

Lee, Y.C. and G.Y. Zhang. 1989. Developments in Geographic Information System Technology. ASCE Journal of Surveying Engineering, no. 115, 304-323.

Marble, Duane F. 19xx. Computer Software for Spatial Data Handling, Volume 1: Full Geographic Information Systems. Ottawa, Ontario: International Geographical Union.

Parent, P. and R. Church. 1987. Evolution of Geographic Information Systems as Decision Making Tools. Paper presented at the 2nd Annual Conference of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, San Francisco, CA.

Sahay, Sundeep. 1993. Social construction of geographic information systems. (volumes I and II). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Florida International University.

ABSTRACT: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is an emerging information technology (IT) which promises to have large scale influences in how spatially distributed resources are managed. It has had applications in the management of issues as diverse as recovering from the disaster of Hurricane Andrew to aiding military operations in Desert Storm. Implementation of GIS systems is an important issue because there are high cost and time involvement in setting them up. An important component of the implementation problem is the "meaning" different groups of people who are influencing the implementation give to the technology. The research was based on the theory of (theoretical stance to the problem was based on the) "Social Construction of Knowledge" systems which assumes knowledge systems are subject to sociological analysis both in usage and in content. An interpretive research approach was adopted to inductively derive a model which explains how the "meanings" of a GIS are socially constructed. The research design entailed a comparative case analysis over two county sites which were using the same GIS for a variety of purposes. A total of 75 in-depth interviews were conducted to elicit interpretations of GIS. Results indicate that differences in how geographers and data-processors view the technology lead to different implementation patterns in the two sites.

SOCIAL CONTEXT/SOCIAL IMPACTS OF GIS

Archer, H. and Croswell, P.L. 1989. Public Access to Geographic Information Systems: An Emerging Legal Issue. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol.55 no.11, 1575-1581.

· Cartography and Geographic Information Systems. 1995. Special Issue. GIS and Society. Vol. 22, no.1.

· Cartography and Geographic Information Systems. 1995. Special Issue. 1995 US National Report to the International Cartographic Association: The Impact of Technological Transition on the Practice of Cartography. Vol. 22, no. 2.

· Davies, C. and Medyckyj-Scott, D. 1996. GIS Users Observed. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, vol. 10, no. 4, 363-384.

· Sheppard, Eric. 1995. GIS and Society: Towards a Research Agenda. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol. 22, no.1, 5-16.

Wheeler, J.O. 1994. GIS, Critical Social Theory, Urban Geography xxx. Urban Geography, vol.15 no.2 xxxxx.

Þ Yapa, L. 1991. Is GIS Appropriate Technology? International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, vol.5, no1, 41-58.

GIS PEOPLE

· Geo Info Systems. 1992. Interview. Robert T. Aangeenburg. July/August, 22-30.

· Geo Info Systems. 1992. Interview. Vincent P. Barabba. September, 20-23.

· Geo Info Systems. 1992. Interview. Ian Masser. October, 19-27.

· GIS World. 1995. Heavy Hitters of GIS: The Ten Most Influential People for 1995. April, 42-47.

· GIS World. 1995. GIS World Sourcebook, 1995. Fort Collins, CO: GIS World Books.

· GIS World. 1995. Interview. Joel Morrison on National Mapping. GIS World, September, 52-53.

· GIS World. 1995. Interview. Ian McHarg Reflects on the Past, Present and Future of GIS. GIS World, October, 46-49.

· GIS World. 1996. Interview. Roger Tomlinson: The Father of GIS. GIS World, April, 56-59.

· GIS World. 1996. Top 10 People of 1996: Crafting the Future of GIS. July, 34-42.

· Niemann, Bernard J. and Niemann, Sondra S. 1993. In Pursuit of Synthesis: Ken Dueker. Geo Info Systems, June, 62-67.

· Niemann, Bernard J. and Niemann, Sondra S. 1993. Lines of Code and More: David F. Sinton. Geo Info Systems, November/December, 58-62.

ADOPTION/IMPLEMENTATION OF GIS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES

Þ Adler, S. 1987. The New Information Technology and the Structure of Planning Practice. Journal of Planning Education and Research, vol.6, 93-99.

Al-Naqi, Anwar Ali. 1988. GIS in municipal, public and private agencies. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Miami.

ABSTRACT: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology has been rapidly evolving into practical applications for municipal, public, and private agencies during the past two to three decades. A GIS consists of a data base containing spatially referenced land-related data, as well as the procedures and techniques for systematically capturing, storing, retrieving, analyzing, processing, updating, and displaying that data. GIS enables the user to manage geographic data more efficiently and enhances the decision-making process for planning purposes. The scope of this dissertation is the state of the art

in GIS. It begins with a brief history of GIS and goes on to examine its use by municipal, public and private agencies around the world by way of illustration and comparison. The aspects of GIS technology touched on include purposes, users, elements, characteristics, and functions. Elements of implementation studied include feasibility, efficiency, accuracy, and functionality. Trends in the technology are then predicted. The primary objective of this dissertation is to determine the elements that make GIS implementation

successful. Its secondary objective of this study is to investigate the GIS-oriented curricula of North American universities with the view of understanding how the universities can best prepare their students for careers in GIS.The advantages and problems encountered in GIS implementation are laid out. Emphasis is placed on the benefits of a properly implemented GIS over manual record-keeping, while problems are noted from the experiences of the users studied.In conclusion, recommendations are made to vendors, present and potential users, and academicians.

Al-Ramadan, Baqer Mohammad. 1993. A framework for a national effort towards geographic information and geographic information systems in Saudi Arabia. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.

ABSTRACT: This thesis's initial hypothesis is that the highly centralized and structured form of government in Saudi Arabia would likely lead to a relatively more systematic and coordinated adoption of GIS than that witnessed in other significantly less centralized countries of Western Europe and North America. To examine the validity of this hypothesis, the current study assesses the efforts to adopt GIS within the municipal sector in Saudi Arabia. It finds, however, that GIS is being adopted within the government in a fragmented and uncoordinated manner, thus seriously hindering the potential capacity of GIS proliferation to provide a unifying framework to establish and maintain a flow and dissemination of information within government. The research study then suggests a framework for a national effort towards geographic information and GIS in Saudi Arabia.

Azar, Kamal T. 1995. Strategies for building, managing and implementing geographic information systems (GIS) capabilities in transit agencies. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

ABSTRACT: This thesis is aimed at finding viable pathways for growing GIS capabilities within transit agencies in order to allow transit agencies to become more involved in regional information infrastructures and regional transportation planning efforts. Since transit agencies represent an important sub-sector of regional land use and transportation planning, they provide an interesting context in which to study the extent to which GIS adoption is leading toward a coherent (or fragmented) regional spatial information infrastructure. The research approach is organized around the following five objectives: (1) to identify and categorize the areas of application of GIS in transit agencies; (2) to expose the complexities related to database design of transit applications; (3) to examine the different implementation strategies of GIS in transit agencies; (4) to identify ways of addressing the implementation complexities given the new advances in information technology; and (5) to describe viable developmental pathways that transit agencies can follow for the implementation of GIS.In order to answer these research questions, we conducted a literature review, a set of interviews with one transit agency's staff, and a survey of the largest 30 US transit operators. We also built three GIS-based prototypes to understand the "what does it take" to build transit applications using GIS technology. Finally, we analyzed the literature, our survey, and the prototypes in order to identify practical developmental pathways for GIS in transit agencies.The results of this research suggest many useful applications along with a list of complications related to data maintenance, coordination, and technical advances that tend to bog down the implementation of GIS. In this thesis, we describe a schema for growing GIS capabilities at transit agencies that addresses most of these complexities and that allows the building of sustainable and coherent GIS databases and applications. The key elements of this schema are a "foundation database" containing textual descriptions of routes and stops (without geometry) and a set of automation tools for adding and integrating geometry and related spatial data needed for specific applications. The schema also recommends a "loosely-coupled" organizational structure that retains many of the "top-down" characteristics while allowing some autonomy and "incoherent" GIS development by focusing on standardization and coordination of a limited "core" set of data related to route and stop information. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)

Bardon, K.S., Elliott, C.J. and Stothers, N. 1984. Computer Applications in Local Authority Planning Departments 1984: A Review. Dept. of Landscape, City of Birmingham Polytechnic, Birmingham.

Þ Bikson, T. 1987. Implementing Computerized Procedures in Office Settings: Influences and Outcomes. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Publication Series.

Bikson, T.K., B.A. Guteck, and D.A. Mankin. 1981. Implementation of Information Technology in Office Settings: review of the Relevant Literature.

· Brandt, M.G. and Craig, W.J. 1994. Data Providers Empower Community GIS Efforts. GIS World, July xxxx

Brown, Mary Maureen. 1995. Translating geographic information system plans into results: An implementation analysis of local government partnerships (interorganizational relations). Unpublished DPA. Thesis, University of Georgia.

ABSTRACT: Over the past two decades significant attention has been given to the use of various information system technologies to promote service delivery. Because more than 80 percent of local government operations involve land related issues, the use of geographic information systems (GIS) has become one of the most salient features in public sector computing. While existent studies do not speak with certainty about the benefits of GIS, managers can be certain that adoption will demand large resource investments. GIS technology, then, is a luxury many local governments cannot often afford without the use of partnerships. GIS partnerships among organizations and institutions offer governments the opportunity to defray the high costs of implementation among many participants. However, partnerships can be risky; success is neither guaranteed nor automatic. While many governments are quick to jump on the GIS bandwagon, empirical evaluations of the technology, or of GIS partnerships, are relatively absent. Despite its popularity, little is known about how GIS influences service delivery or how benefits vary according to the use of partnerships. The research reported here endeavors to address these and related issues.Three primary objectives undergird this study. First, the study examines GIS for its ability to advance local government operations. Next, it assesses outcomes based on the manner in which authority for the project is organized. Finally, it examines various dimensions of the network, or partnership, for their ability to influence the benefits of GIS adoption. These issues were addressed through the use of two surveys; one questionnaire gathered information on the implementation effort and the other collected data on GIS outcomes.In summary, the findings suggest that GIS advances operational efficiency, effectiveness, accountability, and responsiveness. However, the type of authority structure employed for implementation has little influence over GIS outcomes. Rather, dimensions of the network or partnership, such as size, interdependence, formalization, and method of decision making are important determinants of GIS success. The research illustrates that if governments are to witness advantages from GIS adoption, careful attention should be given to the strategies used for implementing the technology.

Budic, Zorica D. 1993. Human and institutional factors in GIS implementation by local governments (human factors). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

ABSTRACT: Large numbers of local governments in the U.S. engage in

acquisition and implementation of geographic information institutional factors appear as major obstacles to successful implementation of GIS technology and thus, very important determinants of adoption of the technology. Influence of personal and institutional factors on the adoption of GIS technology in local governments is the main focus of this research. It examines the process of GIS diffusion in local government, and GIS management as it affects the implementation of GIS technology.The research employs case study and survey methodology. A multiple case study was conducted on four agencies in a county government setting. A mail survey was administered in 140 local government agencies located in North Carolina, on a sample of 627 employees, with 55.7 percent return rate.The research has dual units of analysis, local government agencies and individual employees within those agencies. It studies the relationship between people, organizations and technology as the prime determinant of GIS implementation success. Founded on the theory of diffusion of innovations and research on organizational computing this research achieves three objectives: (1) Tests propositions that advance the perceptions, experience, attitudes and communication behavior of current and prospective GIS users as they affect the employees' decisions to adopt or reject the GIS technology. Perceived relative advantage from using the technology and computer experience are found to strongly impact the adoption. (2) Isolates the major elements of GIS management, organizational environment and organizational internal context, which foster or impede the adoption of GIS technology in local government settings. Among those factors, provision of incentives for prospective users, GIS training, political support for GIS, organizational conflicts, stability of organizational internal environment, availability of resources and motivation for incorporation of the technology are found to exert significant influence on the success of GIS implementation. (3) Gains considerable insight into the process of diffusion of GIS technology within local governments. Complexity, dynamism and idiosyncracy are three major attributes that describe the process.

Þ Budic, Z.D. 1994. Implementation and Management Effectiveness in the Adoption of GIS Technology in Local Governments xxxx. Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems, vol.18, no.5 xxxxx.

Þ Croswell, P. 1989. Facing Reality in GIS Implementation: Lessons Learned and Obstacles to be Overcome. Proceedings of the 1989 URISA Conference, vol.4, 15-35.

Cullis, Brian John. 1995. Modeling innovation adoption responses: an exploratory analysis of geographic information system implementation at defense installations. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of South Carolina.

ABSTRACT: Innovation adoption research usually focuses on precursors to the individual or organizational decision to initially adopt a new technology, leaving unexamined the important implementation outcomes. Military installations within the US Department of Defense have rapidly acquired geographic information systems (GIS) technology to assist with managing man-made and natural resources in multiple-use environments. This research sought to identify those specific socio- technical influences affecting sustained GIS adoption by individuals as well as those influences which were common predictors of positive adoption responses across the defense sector.A multi-tiered assessment strategy was personally administered at all those installations reporting effective use of an implemented GIS as of the Spring of 1994. Within this scheme, a total of 82 direct GIS users across 38 defense installations were surveyed for the degree to which 52 social and technical variables influenced their personal GIS use and satisfaction. Their observations were collapsed into twelve GIS adoption response factors using common factor analysis. Individual profiles were compiled to help in assessing inhibitors and facilitators unique to each user. In addition, the arithmetic averages scored by the respondents on each factor were regressed against multi-item dependent variable scales which captured the user's satisfaction and extent of both direct and combined (direct and indirect) use. Six factors were found to be highly significant predictors of the noted adoption responses: 'GIS Use Access', 'GIS Training' and 'GIS User Benefits' were identified as common contributors to both user satisfaction and extent of use; 'Confidence in Database Quality' and 'Organizational Support' also contributed specifically to increased user satisfaction, and 'GIS Linkages' to other databases enhanced combined use of the GIS. The models explained between one-third and one-half of the respective variances of the three adoption outcome surrogates.The findings significantly contributed to a cumulating GIS adoption research tradition through the use of new robust dependent variables and improved explanation of GIS adoption responses. The research also provided empirical proof of the critical role of non-technical issues to the full and complete use of acquired GIS technology across a society.

Þ Dangermond, J. 1983. Selecting New Town Sites in the United States Using Regional Data Bases. IN Computer Graphics and Environmental Planning edited by E. Teicholz and B.J.L. Berry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 119-140.

Danziger, J.N. Dutton, W.H., King, R., and Kraemer, K.L. 1982. Computers and Politics: High Technology in American Local Government. New York: Columbia University Press.

Þ De Man, W.H.E. 1988. Establishing a Geographical Information System in Relation to its Use: A Process of Strategic Choices. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, vol.2, 245-261.

Dueker, K.J. 1987. Geographic Information Systems and Computer Aided Mapping. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.53, no.3, 383-390.

Deuker, K.J. and P.B. DeLacy. 1990. Geographic Information Systems in the Land Development Process. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.56, no.4, 483-491.

Þ Edwards, G. 1993. The Voronoi Model and Cultural Space xxx. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, no.716, 202-14.

· Federal Geographic Technology Conference. 1995. GIS in Government: The Federal Perspective, 1994. Proceedings of the First Federal Geographic Technology Conference, September 1994, Washington, DC. Fort Collins, CO: GIS World Books.

Þ French, S.P. and Wigins, L.L. 1989. Computer Adoption and Use in California Planning Agencies: Implications for Education. Journal of Planning Education and Research, vol.8, 97-108.

Þ Fogarty, B. 1994. Grand Challenges for GIS. Social Science Computer Review, vol.12 no.2 xxxx

· French, S.P. and Wiggins, L.L. 1990. California Planning Agency Experiences and Automated Mapping and Geographic Information Systems. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol.17 xxxxx

Þ Fung, D. 1995. Managing by the Map. Business Prospects, vol.8 no.2 xxxxxx

Þ Gas Industries. 1996. How Boston Gas Uses GIS. Vol.40 no.8 xxxxxxxx

Þ Gordon, W.R. 1992. Geographical Information Systems and Planning in the USA. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, vol.6 no.4 xxxxxx

· Green, R. 1990. Geographic Information Systems in Europe. The Cartographic Journal, vol27, 40-42.Harris, T. 1993. Applying GIS in Urban and Regional Planning xxxx. Applied Geography, vol.13 no.1 xxxxx

Grimshaw, D. 1994. Bringing Geographical Information Systems into Business. Harlow, Essex:Longman.

Harris, B. 1989. Beyond Geographic Information Systems: Computers and the Planning Profession. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.55, no.1, 101-106.

· Huxhold, William, E. 1991. The GIS Profession: Titles, Pay, Qualifications. Geo Info Systems, March, 16-21.

Þ Grove, M. Social Forestry and GIS. Journal of Forestry, vol.90 no2 xxxxx

· Innes, J.E. 1993. Implementing GIS for Planning: Lessons from the History of Technological Innovation. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.59 no.2, 230.

Innes, J., R. Steiner, and J. Landis. 1990. Computing in Planning Agencies: The Importance of Social Learning Processes. Typescript.

Þ Jacobs, H. 1989. Implementing Local Multi-Purpose Information Systems: Political-Economic Research Issues. Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems, vol.13, no.1, 3-14.

Khan, L. Habib. 1993. Effects of infomaps on decision-effectiveness in management information systems. Ed.D. Dissertation, Harvard University.

ABSTRACT: Observers report that educational policy makers do not

make adequate use of quantitative information in the decision making process. The failure of the decision makers to use data may be attributed to a limited mode of presentation. Literature suggests that mode of information presentation has a significant effect on decisions.The main question of this research was to assess if the effectiveness of information presentation through Infomaps, a computer assisted Geographic Information Systems (GIS), was more effective than the traditional mode of presentation in tables.Findings. Infomaps not only increased the level of accuracy and satisfaction of the users but also saved a considerable amount of time when used to answer questions in the planning exercise. Understanding and interpreting information that is displayed in Infomap format may be easier for several reasons. First, the spatial layout of Infomaps offers a great deal of information at a glance. In Tables the figures have a columnar appearance; on Infomap the proximity, density and ordering of information show the degree of complexity in the area. Also, Infomaps can show graphically what a user of Tables must discover by carefully browsing through the rows and columns loaded with data, and then relating data to coordinates on a geographical map.The Human Information Processing (HIP) theory of Newell and Simon provides a meaningful insight into the use and

effectiveness of Infomaps in an educational planning exercise comprising information extraction and relating that information to geographical coordinates. It is fascinating to see how chunking complex information into several pieces helps the human memory retain that material and retrieve it with a higher level of accuracy. The retrieval process is not only more accurate but also faster with Infomaps than with the traditional methods.The function of Infomaps within the context of HIP theory provides guidelines for the development of MIS for education systems in combination with GIS. These implications as discussed here are the principal steps toward employing Infomaps in regional planning and management operations while planning for social sector development.

Klosterman, R.E. 1986. An Assessment of Three Microcomputer Software Packages for Planning Analysis. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.52, no.2, 199-202.

· Klosterman, R.E. and J.D. Landis. 1988. Microcomputers in US Planning: Past, Present, and Future. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol.15, no.3, 355-367.

· Kraemer, K.L. and J.L. Perry. 1989. Innovation and Computing in the Public Sector: A Review of Research. Knowledge in Society, vol.2, no.1, 72-87.

· Krofton, C.P. 1993. St. Louis Library's GIS Disseminates Public Information. GeoInfo Systems, July/August, 46-50.

Kubbara, Fawzi Saeed. 1992. Geographic data in city planning departments: The volume and use related to advancements in geographic information systems (GIS) technology. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Portland State University.

ABSTRACT: Many local planning departments have acquired and put into use advanced geocoding and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to store, process, map, and analyze geographic data. GIS technological advancements in hardware, software, and geographic databases--specifically, in geocoding methods to reference street address data to geographic locations--enable data to be integrated, mapped, and analyzed more efficiently and effectively. Also, technological advancements depend on organizational and institutional environments. The relationships between technological advancements and technical (data mapping and analysis), organizational, and institutional environments are not clear. The purpose of this study is to examine these relationships to help planning and development directors make better decisions in acquiring and using advanced geocoding and GIS technology. The findings are based on a mail survey of planning and development departments in cities with populations of 50,000 or more in the United States.The study found that planning departments with advanced geocoding and GIS technology are capable of conducting advanced geocoding applications. Data can be tabulated, aggregated, linked, and modeled for mapping and planning. Geocoding to aggregate data to small geographic areas helps by providing required and up-to-date information to solve urban problems. However, the study did not find that advanced geocoding systems enhance data quality as measured by spatial resolution and volume. Further studies are needed to explore this issue.The adoption and implementation of advanced geocoding and GIS technology are influenced by organizational and institutional environments. Large cities have more experience with hardware, software programs, computer professionals, and training programs, but they are dependent on centralized systems from an earlier computer era. More recent entrants to using computers for geographic data processing are emerging rapidly. Some of the organizational and institutional issues are eliminated while new ones are emerging. Consequently, as technology is becoming more advanced, small cities are adopting advanced geocoding and GIS technology more rapidly than they were previously, and sometimes they surpass large cities.

· Lake, R.W. 1993. Planning and Applied Geography: Positivism, Ethics, and Geographic Information Systems. Progress in Human Geography, 17 no.3, 404-413.

·

Levine, J. and Landis, J.D. 1989. Geographic Information Systems for Local Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.55, 209-220.

· Longley, P. 1995. GIS and Planning for Business and Services. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol.22 no.2 xxx

Longley, P. and G. Clarke, eds. 1995. GIS for Business and Service Planning. Harlow, Essex:Longman.

Þ Maas, K.J. 1991. Development of the Utah State Geographic Information Database. In Proceedings of the 1991 Annual Conference Proceedings of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, vol.2, 124-133. San Francisco.

Þ Masser, I. and H. Campbell. 1989. Conditions for the Effective Utilization of Computers in Urban Planning in Developing Countries. In International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management: Proceedings, edited by A.G.O. Yeh. Hong Kong: Center for Urban Studies and Urban Planning. University of Hong Kong.

Þ McMillen, B. 1991. Implementation of Planning Data by Using the Geographical Information System (GIS) -- Special Projects. Proceedings of the 1991 Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, vol.4, 242-249.

Þ Mississippi Research and Development Center. 1987. Mississippi Automated Resource Information System, MARIS: Goals and Objectives. Jackson, MS: Mississippi R&D Center.

Þ Obermyer, N.J. Bureaucratic factors in the Adoption of GIS by Public Organizations. Computers, Environment, and Society, vol.14 no.4 xxxx

Þ Parr, D.M. 1988. Urban Geographic Information Systems: Technology Without Solutions. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on GIS: The Research Agenda, vol.1, 197-206. Washington, DC: NASA.

Perry, J. and K.L. Kraemer. 1979. Technological Innovation in American Local Governments: The Case of Computing. New York: Pergamon.

· Rhind, D.W. 1986. Remote Sensing, Digital Mapping, and Geographic information Systems: The Creation of National Policy in the United Kingdom. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, vol.4, 91-102.

Þ Rourk, R.W. 1989. Conquering the GIS Implementation Curve Through Successful Pilot Project Studies. Proceedings of the 1989 Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, 76-87.

Þ

Sanchez, T.W. 1987. Diffusion of Computer Technology in California Local Government Planning Agencies. Unpublished Masters Thesis, City and regional Planning Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA.

Sawicki, D.S. 1985. Microcomputer Applications in Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.51, 209-215.

Saxe, Greg Michael. 1996. Analysis of the adoption of geographic information systems in the local planning process. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Arizona.

ABSTRACT: Nationally, use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies has become widespread. Applications and techniques vary greatly. The potential benefits are great. Advancement in the functionality, cost, capacity and speed of computers has been astounding. A variety of desktop turnkey systems are available for less than the annual salary of a qualified operator. Still the diffusion of GIS into local land use planning activities has been limited by our capacity to manage these systems. A core of literature is identified which focuses on GIS management issues facing local government planning practitioners. National surveys are reviewed which identify the significance of management issues in the process of adopting information technologies. Model adoption processes are identified to address these and other issues associated with GIS. These models are based on organizational theory.To explore these issues further this research utilizes surveys and other traditional geographic research methods, within a case study framework. This research examines the process of GIS adoption in local land use planning in Arizona. The primary case is the City of Douglas, located along the Mexican border in southern Arizona. In addition, Planning, Community Development, Public Works and Information Management Systems Directors throughout Arizona were surveyed to determine the current status of the diffusion of GIS. By systematically observing the adoption process this research describes the content and context of the use of geographic information in local land use planning.Operational applications are shown to be the most popular. GIS are not commonly being used to make policy improvements in local government. Computer graphics, including maps are used significantly more often than hand drawn material. Still, graphics in general are used infrequently in decision making forums, including public hearings and City Council meetings.The model adoption processes described herein are intended to remedy this situation. This research contributes knowledge which can help managers in designing their own implementation protocols. Further research is recommended to assess the day to day uses of this emerging technology.

· Schloten, H.J. and Padding, P. 1990. Working with GIS in a Policy Environment. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol.17.

Þ Sommers, R. 1989. Organizational Change for Successful GIS Implementation. Proceedings of the 1989 Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, vol., 39-51.

Þ State of Maryland, Dept. of State Planning. 1981. MAGIS, Maryland Automated Geographic Information System. Baltimore: Dept. of State Planning, Publication #81-13.

Steiner, R. 1988. Organizational Aspects of the Implementation of Computer Systems in Planning Departments. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

Steinitz, C., Parker, P. and Jordan, L. 1976. Hand-Drawn Overlays: Their History and Prospective Uses. Landscape Architecture, vol.66, 444-455.

Þ Taupier, R and M. Terner. 1991. MassGIS: A Case Study of the Massachusetts Environmental/Geographic Information System. In Proceedings of the 1991 Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association Conference, vol.2, 87-96. San Francisco.

Þ Turner, T. 1994. GIS, Planning, and the Future xxxxxx. Planning, Practice, and Research, vol.9 no.4 xxxxx

Þ Warnecke, L. with J. M. Johnson, K. Marshall, and R.S. Brown. 1992. State Geographic Information Activities Compendium. Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments.

Þ Wiebe, V.N. 1986. The Burnaby Experience with Computerized Mapping. In Proceedings, Auto-Carto, London, vol.2, 102-111. London: The Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors.

Þ Wilson, P.M. and J.B. Perkins. 1991. Evaluation of the Bay Areas Spatial Information System (BASIS) Following the Loma Prieta Earthquake. In Proceedings of the 1991 Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association Conference, vol.1, 220-225. San Francisco.

Worral, L. 1987. Information Systems Development and the Analysis of Urban Change. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Civic Design, University of Liverpool.

· Worrall, L. 1990. Information Systems for Urban and regional Planning in the UK: A review. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol.17.

· Yapa, L.S. 1989. Low-Cost Map Overlay Analysis Using Computer-Aided design. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol.16, 367-498.

Þ Yeh, A.G. 1991. The Development and Applications of Geographic Information Systems for Urban and Regional Planning in Developing Countries. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, vol.5 no.1, 5-27.

· Yin, R. K. 1981. Life Histories of Innovations: New Practices become Routinized. Public Administration Review, vol. 41, no.1, 21-28.

· Zetlan, A.J. and R. Sommers. 1991. Using Prototyping to Enhance the GIS System Design Process. Proceedings of the 1991 Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, vol.5, 47.

CENSUS: AUTOMATED MAPPING AND TIGER

Note: Most of the following citations relating to TIGER are from a web page published in 1994: http://www.census.gov:80/geo/www/tiger/bibl.asc

A package of all unpublished papers is available for $10 from Customer Services, Data User Services Division, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233 (301) 457-4100; FAX (301) 457-4714. (Papers included in this package are marked with an asterisk.)

Þ Beard, C. and A.M. Robbins 1990. Scale Determination and Inset Selection Within a Totally Automated Map Production System. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol. 17 no.1, 49-56.

Bishton, A. 1988 Designing and Using a Cartographic Extract: Mapping From the TIGER System. Paper presented at the 26th Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA), Los Angeles, California, August.*

Þ Bishton, A. 1989. A Cartographic Extract of the TIGER File: Implication for Mapping Applications. Proceedings: Ninth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, Baltimore, Maryland, April 1989, pp. 697-704.

Þ Bishton, A. 1990. Mapping From a Cartographic Extract. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol.17 no.1, 21-26.

Þ Boudriault, G. 1987. Topology in the TIGER File. Proceedings: Eighth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, 258-263.

Þ Broome, F.R., C. Beard, and A. Martinez. 1987. Automated Map Inset Determination. Proceedings: Eighth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, pp. 466-470.

Þ Broome, F.R. and L. Godwin. 1988. The Census Bureau's Publication Map Production System. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol.17 no.1, 79-88.

Þ Broome, F.R. and D.B. Meixler 1990. The TIGER Data Base Structure. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol.17 no.1, 39- 48.

· Carbaugh, L.W. and R. W. Marx. 1990. The TIGER System: A Census Bureau Innovation Serving Data Analysts. Government Information Quarterly, vol.7 no.3, 285-306.

Þ Davis, B.A. et al. 1993. TIGER/SDTS: Standardizing an Innovation. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol.19 no.5.

Þ Ebinger, L.R. and A.M. Goulette. 1989. Automated Names Placement in a Non-Interactive Environment. Proceedings: Ninth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, Baltimore, Maryland, April, pp. 205-214.

Þ Ebinger, L.R. and A.M. Goulette. 1990. Noninteractive Automated Names Placement for the 1990 Decennial Census. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol.17 no.1, 69-78.

Þ Fairchild, D. 1987. The Display of Boundary Information: A Challenge in Map Design in an Automated Production System. Proceedings: Eighth International Symposium on Computer- Assisted Cartography.

Þ Kinnear, C. 1987. The TIGER Structure. Proceedings: Eighth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, pp. 249-257.

LaMacchia, R.A. 1989. Census Data Available for Transportation Planners. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Microcomputers in Transportation, San Francisco, California, June 22.*

LaMacchia, R.A. 1989. The TIGER File and Redistricting. Paper presented at the National Conference of State Legislatures, Orlando, Florida, December.*

LaMacchia, R.A. 1990. The TIGER System. Exemplary Systems in Government Awards, 1990. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, Washington, D.C. pp. 25-36.

LaMacchia, R.A. and S.G. Tomasi. 1990. Planned TIGER System Products. Paper distributed at the 1990 Annual Spring Conference of the Government Publications Libraries of New England, March.

Martinez, A. 1990. Application of Expert Rules in Automated Cartography. Paper presented at the 10th Annual Applied Geography Conference, October.*

Þ Martinez, A. 1989. Automated Insetting: An Expert Component Embedded in the Census Bureau's Map Production System. Proceedings: Ninth International Symposium on Computer- Assisted Cartography, Baltimore, Maryland, April, pp. 181-190.

· Marx, R.W. 1986. The TIGER System: Automating the Geographic Structure of the United States Census. Government Publications Review, Vol. 13, pp. 181-201.

Marx, R.W. 1986. Computer Mapping and the Census Bureau: The Future and You. Paper presented at the AM/FM International Eastern Regional Conference, Williamsburg, Virginia, May 1986.*

Marx, R.W. 1987. The TIGER System: Six Years to Success. Proceedings: 13th International Conference of the International Cartographic Association, pp 633-645, October.*

Þ Marx, R.W. and A.J. Saalfeld. 1988. Programs for Assuring Map Quality at the Bureau of the Census. Proceedings: The 4th Annual Research Conference, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, pp. 239-259.

Marx, R.W. 1988. LIS/GIS Activities of the United States Census Bureau. Paper presented at the Information Exchange sponsored by the Embassy of the United States of America on Development, Innovation, and Technology Transfer Regarding Land Information Management Based on a Cadastral Concept, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany, November.*

Þ Marx, R.W. 1989. GIS, TIGER, and Other Useful Acronyms. Proceedings: National Conference Challenge for the 1990s Geographic Information Systems, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 439-452.

Þ Marx, R.W. 1990. The TIGER System: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol.17 no.1, 89-97, 1990.

Marx, R.W. (ed.) 1990. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems: The Census Bureau's TIGER System, Journal of American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Vol. 17, No. 1, January 1990.

Þ McDowell, T., D. Meixler, P. Rosenson, and B. Davis. 1987. Maintenance of Geographic Structure Files at the Bureau of the Census. Proceedings: Eighth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, pp. 264-269.

Þ McKenzie, B.Y. and R.A. LaMacchia. 1987. The U.S. Geological Survey - U.S. Bureau of the Census Cooperative Digital Mapping Project: A Unique Success Story. Paper presented at the fall meeting of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Reno, Nevada, October.*

Þ Meixler, D. and A.J. Saalfeld. 1987. Polygonization and Topological Editing at the Bureau of the Census. Proceedings: Eighth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, pp. 731-737.

Schweitzer, Richard H. 1973. Mapping Urban America with Automated Cartography. Washington, DC: Dept. of Commerce, US Bureau of the Census, Gegraphy Division.

Þ Sobel, J. 1986. Principal Components of the Census Bureau's TIGER File. Research in Contemporary and Applied Geography: A Discussion Series, Vol. X, No. 3, pp. 1-16.

Sperling, J. 1992. Development and Maintenance of the TIGER Data Base: Experiences in Spatial Data Sharing at the U.S. Bureau of the Census. National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (Initiative 19). San Diego, California, 1992.

Þ Sperling, J. 1992. Understanding Census Geography in the TIGER Data Base: The Case of Puerto Rico. Proceedings: Middle Atlantic Division of the Association of American Geographers, pp.121-133.

Þ Tomasi, S.G. 1990. Why the Nation Needs a TIGER System. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol.17 no.1, 21- 26.

Þ Trainor, T.F. 1990. Fully Automated Cartography: A Major Transition at the Census Bureau. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol.17 no.1, 21-26.

Þ Trainor, T.F. 1986. Attribute Coding Scheme: Identification of Features in the U.S. Census Bureau's TIGER System. Proceedings: AUTO CARTO. London, Vol. 1, pp. 117-126.

· US Census Bureau. 1977. Mapping for Census and Surveys. Washington, DC: Dept. of Commerce, US Bureau of the Census.

This contains only the first two chapters ("Need for Maps" and "Organizing a Mapping Program") of a proposed 15-chapter set. The rest of the chapters were to be published later but I can't find them. The Chapter "Need for Maps" is a basic history of maps-use from ancient times to the present and from western maps to what is described as "a primitive" Native American map. Its history seems to be used as a justification for the census' increasing interest in automated cartography at the time.

US Census Bureau. 1986. What is This Thing Called TIGER? Video recording. Washington, DC: Dept. of Commerce, US Bureau of the Census, Gegraphy Division.

28 min. Video. Description of tabulating results of the census. Uses of TIGER to gather data.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1990. Strength in Numbers: Your Guide to 1990 Census Redistricting Data From the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.

US Census Bureau. 1992. What do I need to map out 1990 Census Data? Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census.

US Census Bureau. 1993. 1992 TIGER Line Files: Helping You Map Things Out. Washington, DC: Dept. of Commerce, US Bureau of the Census, Gegraphy Division.

One folded sheet. Glossy product profile (intro/ad.).

US Census Bureau. 1994. Maps and More: Your Guide to Census Bureau Geography. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census.

General introduction to TIGER, census tracts, blocks etc.

US General Accounting Office. 1987. Decennial Census: Automation of the Geographic Support System. A Briefing Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, DC: The Office.

U.S. Geological Survey. 1984. 1:100,000-Scale Digital Cartographic Data Base for Federal Requirements. Yearbook, Fiscal Year 1984, Reston, Virginia.

Þ Wanie, T.L. 1987. Estimating Production Parameters for Large- Volume Automated Mapping on a Raster Plotter. Proceedings: Eighth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, pp. 1-8.

· Wyatt, J. Paul. 1990. TIGER, the Coast-to-Coast Digital Map Data Base. Washington, DC: Dept. of Commerce, US Bureau of the Census, Gegraphy Division.

18 page more detailed (but still simple) guide to TIGER.

CENSUS: HISTORY

Anderson, Margo. 1988. The American Census: A Social History. New Haven: Yale University Press.

US Census Bureau. 1978. Factfinder for the Nation: History and Organization. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.

This has been published a number of times in revised form as part of the "Factfinder for the Nation" series.

US Census Bureau. 1979. Census USA: A Thumbnail History of the Nations Factfinder. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

GBF/DIME & THE NEW HAVEN STUDY

Þ Beresford, John C. 1967. 1970 Census Summary Tape Users' Workshops. In Urban and Regional Information Systems for Social Programs: Papers from the Fifth Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. Kent, OH: Center for Urban Regionalism, Kent State University. 291-294.

Þ Cooke, Donald F. and Maxfield, William, H. 1967. The Development of a Geographic Base File and its Uses for Mapping. In Urban and Regional Information Systems for Social Programs: Papers from the Fifth Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. Kent, OH: Center for Urban Regionalism, Kent State University. 207-218.

· Corbett, James P. 1979. Topological Principles in Cartography. Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census.

Fifty-page paper presents the (mathematical) topological theory at the "heart of GBF/DIME." Claimed to be the "mathematical basis on which computer science can build a fully automated cartographic system." It is an outline of a point/line/paradigm approach to automated mapping.

Þ Farnsworth, George L. 1967. Contiguity Analysis Using Census Data. In Urban and Regional Information Systems for Social Programs: Papers from the Fifth Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. Kent, OH: Center for Urban Regionalism, Kent State University. 299-303.

· GBF/DIME System. 1971. Plans, Progress, and Prospectus: Conference Proceedings, April 1971, Jacksonville, Florida. Washington, DC: Dept. of Commerce, US Bureau of the Census, Gegraphy Division.

Includes: list of participants and affiliations, 12 short papers, introduction general discussion, and conclusion, and 1 appendix. Topics: Plans for updating files, case study -- Jacksonville, integrating GBF into a "total information system," and case study of applications.

· GBF/DIME System. 1975. A Geographic Dimension for Decisionmaking: Conference Proceedings, October 1975, San Francisco, California. Washington, DC: Dept. of Commerce, US Bureau of the Census, Gegraphy Division.

Includes list of participants and affiliations (and photographs), 14 short papers, introduction, general discussion, summary, and 1 appendix. Topics: current state of the DIME project, empirical examples of its progress, social implications of the technology ("serving the community"). Also a paper on the "acceptance of innovation" as seen in the acceptance of DIME.

· GBF/DIME System. 1976*. Geographic Base File System: Uses, Maintenance, and Problem Solving. Conference Proceedings, November 1971, Arlington, Texas. Washington, DC: Dept. of Commerce, US Bureau of the Census, Gegraphy Division.

*Note date of conference is 1971. . (The proceedings were originally published in 1972, the 1976 version seems to have been revised in some way.) Includes: List of participants and their affiliations, 13 short papers, and introduction, general discussion, and summary, two appendices. Topics: solving file problems, applications for the system.

· GBF/DIME System. 1976*. Geographic Base (DIME) System, a Local Program: Conference Proceedings, November 1974, Columbus, Ohio. Washington, DC: Dept. of Commerce, US Bureau of the Census, Gegraphy Division.

*Note date of conference is 1974. (Proceedings, originally published in 1975, revised in 1976.) Includes: list of participants and affiliations (and photographs), 11 papers, introduction, general discussion and summary. Topics: Status of project, cartography and the Census Bureau, case studies of applications of GBF, future uses.

· International Geographical Union. 1980. GBF/DIME: Geographic Base File/Dual Independent Mapping Encoding System. In Marble, D. F. ed. Computer Software for Spatial Data Handling, Vol. 1: Full Geographic Information Systems. Ottawa, Ontario: International Geographical Union, 48-50.

Þ Irwin, Joyce E. 1967. Small Area Analysis Programs. In Urban and Regional Information Systems for Social Programs: Papers from the Fifth Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. Kent, OH: Center for Urban Regionalism, Kent State University. 295-298.

Þ Kuhn, Philip H. 1967. The 1970 Census First-Count Tape. In Urban and Regional Information Systems for Social Programs: Papers from the Fifth Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. Kent, OH: Center for Urban Regionalism, Kent State University. 304-306.

Meyer, Morton A. (with Richard Schweitzer and Jacob Silver). 1973. The Statistical Mapping and Geographic Base Files of the US Bureau of the Census. Washington, DC: Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics Administrations, Bureau of the Census.

· Silver, Jacob. 1977. The GBF/DIME System: Development, Design, and Use. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Geography Division.

Paper presented at the 1977 joint annual meeting of the American Society for Photogrammetry and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. Introduction to the technology and examples of its uses for local administration.

· Silver, Jacob. 1978. The GBF Dime System: Description and Uses. Washington, DC: Dept. of Commerce, US Bureau of the Census, Gegraphy Division.

Introduction to the technology, emphasizing how it can be used by private and public institutions outside the Census Bureau. First half: What it is/How it works. Second Half: Local applications -- Education, transportation, emergency services, urban planning, health and welfare.

Þ Smith, C. 1967. The New Haven Census Use Study: A General Description. In Urban and Regional Information Systems for Social Programs: Papers from the Fifth Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. Kent, OH: Center for Urban Regionalism, Kent State University. 276-285.

· US Census Bureau. 1975. A Sample of letter and other documents related to the adoption and use of the Geographic Base (DIME) Files. Washington, DC: Dept. of Commerce, US Bureau of the Census, Gegraphy Division.

Abstracts from letters and reports received by the geography division of the census dealing with actual uses local governments have made of GBF/DIME files. Approximately 40 letters dealing with topics like fire safety, housing, market analysis, voter registration, welfare planning.

Þ Voight, Robert B. 1967. Technical Aspects of the New Haven Census Use Study. In Urban and Regional Information Systems for Social Programs: Papers from the Fifth Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. Kent, OH: Center for Urban Regionalism, Kent State University. 286-290.

MISCELLANEOUS

American Demographics. 1992. American Geography. Ithica, NY: American Demographics.

· Geo Info Systems. 1996. Navigating the GIS Web. Vol. 6, no.8, 24-25. (Lists of GIS-related Web sites).

Haugg, Lawrence. 1979. Census Geography. Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census.

Llobera, M. 1996. Exploring the Topography of Mind. Antiquity, vol.70 no.269 xxxxx

· Stone, J.C. 1993. The Influence of Copper-Plate Engraving on Map Content and Accuracy: Preparation of the Seventeenth-Century Blaeu Atlas of Scotland. The Cartographic Journal, Vol. 30, no.1, 3-12.